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Vilnius is small enough that you could probably zip around most of the tourist sites in a weekend, if you didn't hang around any of them for too long. If you wanted to look around al the museums and galleries instead of just looking at the buildings they're in it would probably take you the best art of a week to see all the major tourist stuff, and even longer for a thorough exploration of the Old Town.
The focal point of the city is the Cathedral Square, and the area of parks, trees and greenery that surrounds it.
Although a Cathedral has stood on this site for since the 14th Century it has constantly been altered and modernised throughout that time; what can be seen today is mostly the result of remodelling at the end of the 18th century. The current Cathedral (dedicated to Saints Stanislaus and Ladislaus, if you're interested) doesn't appear especially cathedral-like; with its huge columned entrance and statue studded exterior it looks

more like a Roman temple. The three giant statues on the roof (which are replacements for ones taken down by the Soviets) appear to be completely out of scale, but are a visible landmark from most parts of the city centre. In Soviet times the Cathedral was pressed into use as an art gallery and the inside of the building still feels more like this than an active church. There are still lots of paintings (albeit with religious themes) on display, and not too much religious paraphernalia. The exception to this is the ornate Chapel of St Casimir, a side-Chapel of the main Cathedral containing the silver tomb and remains of Lithuania's patron saint. This was built in the early 17th century and the over the top baroque decoration surprisingly saw off even the Communists unscathed.
The cathedral was built on the sight of an earlier, Pagan temple (Lithuania being the last country in Europe to convert to Christianity) and it is sometimes possible to have a look round the vaults under the building where artefacts from the pagan temple and from the earlier churches on this site are on display. During Soviet times a hoard of valuable gold and silver Christian relics was found hidden in the walls of the building. Rather than surrender them to the Soviets the Cathedral authorities put them back where they found them and only brought them out again after independence, but these artefacts have not yet been put on general display.
The Cathedral is surrounded by Cathedral Square, although when I was last in Vilnius much of the paving had been ripped up and an archaeological dig was in progress. Standing in the Cathedral Square is the Belltower.
This structure's strange appearance can be explained by its long history; it was originally a defensive tower in Vilnius' lower castle and dates from the