Aprašymas:
Tai išsamus referatas apie anglų kalbos raidą, pokyčius ir ypatybes (anglų kalba). WEST GERMANIC LANGUAGES 3 OLD ENGLISH (500-1100 AD) 3 ETYMOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE OLD ENGLISH VOCABULARY 4 OLD ENGLISH WRITTEN RECORDS 4 THE NORMAN CONQUEST AND MIDDLE ENGLISH (1100-1500) 5 EARLY MODERN ENGLISH (1500-1800) 6 LATE-MODERN ENGLISH (1800-PRESENT) 6 AMERICAN ENGLISH 7Darbas:
West Germanic languages
English is a West Germanic language of the "Ingvaeonic" subgroup, spoken in the British Isles since the arrival of continental Germanic groups (the "Anglo-Saxons") during the fifth century AD, and currently far more widespread, due to more recent migrations of English speakers to eg. North America, Australia and New Zealand, and due to the use of English as a lingua franca or an official language in many countries.
English is a member of the Indo-European family of languages. This broad family includes most of the European languages spoken today. The Indo-European family includes several major branches:
• Latin and the modern Romance languages;
• The Germanic languages;
• The Indo-Iranian languages, including Hindi and Sanskrit;
• The Slavic languages;
• The Baltic languages of Latvian and Lithuanian (but not Estonian);
• The Celtic languages; and
• Greek.
The influence of the original Indo-European language,
Of these branches of the Indo-European family, two are, for our purposes of studying the development of English, of paramount importance, the Germanic and the Romance (called that because the Romance languages derive from Latin, the language of ancient Rome, not because of any bodice-ripping literary genre). English is in the Germanic group of languages. This group began as a common language in the Elbe river region about 3,000 years ago. Around the second century BC, this Common Germanic language split into three distinct sub-groups:
• East Germanic was spoken by peoples who migrated back to southeastern Europe. No East Germanic language is spoken today, and the only written East Germanic language that survives is Gothic.
• North Germanic evolved into the modern Scandinavian languages of Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic (but not Finnish, which is related to Estonian and is not an Indo-European language).
• West Germanic is the ancestor of modern German, Dutch, Flemish, Frisian, and English.
Old English (500-1100 AD)
1.1 West Germanic invaders
West Germanic invaders from Jutland and southern Denmark: the Angles (whose name is the source of the words England and English), Saxons, and Jutes, began populating the British Isles in the fifth and sixth centuries AD. They spoke a mutually intelligible language, similar to modern Frisian--the language of northeastern region of the Netherlands--that is called Old English. Four major dialects of Old English emerged, Northumbrian in the
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