Parsisiųsti darbą:Zip
Aprašymas:
gavau 9Darbas:
THE COLLEGE OF SOCIOL SCIENCE
COMMON ERRORS IN ENGLISH - LITHUANIAN TRANSLATIONS
COURSE WORK
Klaipėda, 2008
CONTENT
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………3
History of translation……………………………………………………………..4
History of translation theory………………………………………………….......6
2.1 What is translation………………………………………………………………..7
3. Translation differences between the English and Lithuanian languages………....8
Identifying morphological gaps……………………………………………..……9
Errors in translation of lexical and morphological gaps (include gaps in texts)……………………………………………………………………………..12
Mistakes in translating negative prefixes in English and Lithuanian…………...14
Mistakes translating by a different part of speech……………………………….14
Comparison of the formal document translation………………………………...16
Research on identifying common errors in English-Lithuanian translation……20
6. Results of the survey……………………………………………………………..27
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………29
Resources …………………………………………………………………………… …30
INTRODUCTION
The
The main goals of this course work are:
to ascertain what kind of mistakes are common;
The tool to find out the types of mistakes a survey among the students of Social science collage group 2U has been conducted and English and Lithuanian texts compared.
To analyze and classify them;
The results of the survey have been analyzed, the errors investigated and grouped.
To point out differences between the Lithuanian and English languages;
To achieve this goal both the languages have been compared on the aspect of parts of speech, morphology and lexicology.
Methods used at the course work were analysis of the information recourses and their selection, comparison of the linguistic means, conducting of a research, analysis and classification of the research results, summarizing the material and drawing conclusions.
1. HISTORY OF TRANSLATION
Etymologically the Latin "translatio" derives from the perfect passive participle, "translatum," of "transferre" ("to transfer" — from "trans," "across" + "ferre," "to carry" or "to bring"). Additionally, the Greek term for "translation," "metaphrasis" ("a speaking across"), has supplied English with "metaphrase" (a "literal translation," or "word-for-word" translation)—as contrasted with "paraphrase" ("a saying in other words," from the Greek "paraphrasis"). "Metaphrase" equates, in one of the more recent terminologies, to "formal equivalence," and "paraphrase"—to "dynamic equivalence." [10]
The first important translation in the West was that of the Septuagint, a collection of Jewish Scriptures translated into Koine Greek in Alexandria between the 3rd and 1st centuries BCE. The Jews, that were widely spread, had forgotten their mother language and needed Greek versions (translations) of their Scriptures. [3]
The first large-scale efforts at translation were undertaken by the Arabs. Arabs were taken over the Greek world, so that why they made Arabic versions of its scientific and philosophical works. During the Middle Ages, some of these Arabic translations were translated in Latin. Such Latin translations of Greek and original Arab works of education and science would help advance the development of European Scholasticism. Scholasticism - was a method of learning taught by the academics (or schoolmen) of medieval universities about 1100-1500.
The first good translation in English was made by first great poet, the 14th-century Geoffrey Chaucer. Geoffrey Chaucer (c. 1343 - October 25, 1400?) was an English author, poet, philosopher, bureaucrat, courtier and diplomat. Sometimes he is called the father of the English literature; also he was the first author to demonstrate the artistic legitimacy of the native English language
The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose.[10]
In 18th century the translators' catchword was that translation would be easy to read. If the translator did not understand the text or it was thought to be boring for the readers, the translator omitted that part. And it was popular to put in the text own style. That is why sometimes translations were like a new composition made by translator. Good example is a case of James Macpherson's "translations" of Ossian—from texts that were actually of the "translator's" own composition. Moreover translators were so brave in that times that they translated form the language that they barely knew.
Luckily in 19th century there were made rules for the translators to make more accurate text and to save the style. The new catchword was “the text, the whole text and nothing but the text” except for “bad” word passages and for enormous explanation notes. [3]. In regard to style, it was important to remind to reader that he is reading foreign classic.
2. History of Translation Theory
Discussions of the theory and practice of translation reach back into antiquity and show remarkable continuities. The distinction that had been drawn by the ancient Greeks between "metaphrase" ("literal" translation) and "paraphrase" would be adopted by the English poet and translator John Dryden (1631-1700), who represented translation as the rationally blending of these two modes of phrasing when selecting, in the target language, "counterparts," or equivalents, for the expressions used in the source language.[3]
This general formulation of the central concept of translation — equivalence — is probably as coresponding as any that has been proposed ever since Cicero and Horace, in first-century-BCE Rome, famously and literally cautioned against translating "word for word" ("verbum pro verbo").
Despite occasional theoretical diversities, the actual practice of translators has hardly changed since antiquity. Except for some extreme metaphrasers in the early Christian period and the Middle Ages, and adapters in various periods (especially pre-Classical Rome, and the 18th century), translators have generally shown wise flexibility in seeking equivalents — "literal" where possible, paraphrastic where necessary — for the original meaning and other crucial "values" (e.g.,
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