Italy

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Italy (in Italian, Italia), republic in southern Europe, bordered on the north by Switzerland and Austria; on the east by Slovenia and the Adriatic Sea; on the south by the Ionian Sea and the Mediterranean Sea; on the west by the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Ligurian Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea; and on the north-west by France. It comprises, in addition to the Italian mainland, the islands of Sardinia and Sicily, in the Mediterranean Sea; Elba in the Tyrrhenian Sea; and many lesser islands. Enclaves within mainland Italy are the independent countries of San Marino and Vatican City; the latter is a papal state mostly enclosed by Rome, the capital of Italy. The area of Italy is 301,323 sq km (116,341 sq mi).
Land and Resources

More than half of Italy consists of the Italian Peninsula, a long projection of the continental mainland. Shaped like a boot, the Italian Peninsula extends generally south-east into the Mediterranean Sea. From north-west to south-east, the

country is about 1,145 km (710 mi) long; with the addition of the southern peninsular extremity, which extends north to south, it is about 1,360 km (845 mi) long. The maximum width of the mainland portion of Italy is about 610 km (380 mi) in the north; the maximum width of the peninsula is about 240 km (150 mi). On the northern frontiers are the Alps, which extend in a wide arc from Ventimiglia on the west to Gorizia on the east, and include such high peaks as Monte Cervino (4,478 m/14,692 ft) and Monte Rosa (4,634 m/15,203 ft). The highest point in Italy is near the summit of Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco), on the border of Italy, France, and Switzerland; the peak, located in France, is 4,807 m (15,771 ft). Between the Alps and the Apennines, which form the backbone of the Italian Peninsula, spreads the broad Plain of Lombardy, comprising the valley of the River Po. The northern Apennines project from the Maritime Alps along the Gulf of Genoa to the sources of the River Tiber. Monte Cimone (2,163 m/7,097 ft) is the highest summit of the northern Apennines. The central Apennines, beginning at the source of the Tiber, consist of several chains. In the eastern portion of this rugged mountain district is Monte Corno (2,914 m/9,560 ft), the highest Apennine peak. The southern Apennines stretch south-east from the valley of the River Sangro to the coast of the Gulf of Taranto, where they assume a more southerly direction. High peaks of the Apennine ranges of the Calabrian Peninsula, as the southern extremity of the Italian Peninsula is known, include Botte Donato (1,929 m/6,329 ft) and Montalto (1,957 m/6,422 ft). The Apennines form the watershed of the Italian Peninsula. The main uplifts are bordered by less elevated districts, known collectively as the sub-Apennine region.
About one third of the